Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii) is an obligate intracellular pathogen belonging to the genus Coxiella in the family Coxiellaceae. Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by C. burnetii infection. It spreads widely around the world, especially where there are large numbers of livestock. C. burnetii naturally infects animals such as goats, sheep and cattle and is released into the environment through the urine, feces, parturition fluid and milk of infected animals. C. burnetii is highly contagious and can be transmitted through aerosols and dust. Outbreaks of Q fever in farms, slaughterhouses and domestic animals pose a major threat to human and animal health and cause huge economic losses.Therefore, the diagnosis of C. burnetii is crucial for the monitoring, prevention and control of Q fever.
Figure 1. Overview of C. burnetii infections (Burette, et al. 2020).
The diagnosis of Q fever is usually carried out by a variety of serological methods, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), complement fixation test (CFT) and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). However, these methods may not be suitable for the early diagnosis of Q fever because specific antibodies cannot be detected in serum until 2 weeks after C. burnetii infection. Compared to serological methods, PCR is a rapid, sensitive and accurate diagnostic tool that can be used for the early diagnosis of Q fever. At present, researchers have developed a variety of PCR-based C. burnetii detection methods, including conventional PCR, RT-PCR, real-time PCR,nested PCR, etc.
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C. burnetii conventional PCR kit | C. burnetii nested PCR kit | C. burnetii real-time PCR kit |
C. burnetii RT-PCR kit | Other C. burnetii PCR kit |
Workflow | Details |
C. burnetii strain cultures | C. burnetii strain from different samples were cultured and isolation. |
Primer and probes design | Design primers or probes to detect C. burnetii, and use professional software to select and evaluate primers and probes. |
Nucleic acid extraction | DNA was extracted from the C. burnetii strain, and DNA concentration, purity and integrity were measured. |
Establishment of PCR conditions | Establishment of thermocycling conditions to conduct amplification and detection through PCR. |
Reproducibility evaluation of the PCR assay | The reproducibility of the PCR kit was assessed by determining the intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CV). |
Assessment of sensitivity and specificity | The specificity of PCR kit was assessed by detection of DNA from C. burnetii and other pathogens. The sensitivity of PCR kit was assessed by determine the limit of detection (LoD) at the DNA and parasite levels. |
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