Cytokines are a class of small molecule proteins with a wide range of biological activities that are synthesized and secreted by immune cells (such as monocytes, macrophages, T cells, B cells, NK cells, etc.) and certain non-immune cells (endothelial cells, epidermal cells, fibroblasts, etc.) upon stimulation. They have various functions such as regulation of innate and adaptive immunity, blood cell production, cell growth, inflammatory response, and repair of damaged tissues. Cytokines include interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factor superfamily, colony-stimulating factors, chemokines, growth factors, etc. They can be classified into early-stage cytokines and late-stage cytokines according to their involvement in the inflammatory process.
Early-stage cytokines
In the early stages of infection, macrophages produce TNF-α and IL-1 after exposure to bacterial products. These two cytokines act in conjunction with IL-6 to regulate the acute phase response. TNF-α and IL-1 act on several cell types at the site of infection and stimulate the production of pro-inflammatory molecules to increase vascular permeability.
Late-stage cytokines
The second wave of cytokines secreted after infection are late-stage cytokines, including IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, and interferon (IFN) gamma. These cytokines modulate immune responses mainly by promoting the clonal expansion and differentiation of specific immune cells.
Figure 1. Cytokine-producing cells are induced by stimulation and release cytokines into target cells to regulate relevant immune effects.
Bovine Cytokine Antibodies
In recent years, with the development of the cattle industry, the density of cattle has been increasing, which increases the risk of cattle suffering from infectious diseases and brings huge economic losses to the cattle industry. Therefore, it is very important to develop reagents for rapid diagnosis of diseases in cattle. The determination of bovine cytokines can be used for the diagnosis and prognosis of bovine diseases. Researchers have developed a variety of bovine cytokine antibodies for different bovine cytokines to detect cytokines in bovine serum, plasma and cell culture supernatant to evaluate the health status of cattle, and provide a basis for the treatment and control of bovine diseases.
BioVenic is a company dedicated to the research of veterinary antibodies. Based on the advanced antibody R&D platform and professional technicians, we can provide customers with a series of antibodies for the detection of bovine cytokines to help customers better assess the health status of cattle and take effective control and preventive measures in a timely manner. If you have any needs, please feel free to contact us. We will provide you with high-quality products according to your needs. Our products mainly use immunological methods to detect cytokines. The basic principle is to use cytokines as antigens for quantitative detection.
